Ushbu darslik 70510101-Biologiya (fan yo‘nalishi bo‘yicha) mutaxassisligi uchun mo'ljallangan. Darslikda ornitologiyaning nazariy va amaliy masalalari, jumladan, qushlarning sistematikasi, morfologiyasi, fiziologiyasi, ekologiyasi, tabiatda va xojalikdagi ahamiyati, qushlarni muhofaza qilish va ulardan oqilona foydalanish masalalari keng muhokama qilingan. Mahalliy materiallarga tayangan holda O'zbekistonning ornitofaunasiga hamda yurtimizda ornitologiya sohasida amalga oshirilgan ilmiy tadqiqotlarga tegishli ma'lumotlar keltirilgan.

SO‘Z BOSHI..................................................................................................... 3

ORNITOLOGIYA FANINING PREDMETI, MAQSADI, VAZIFALARI VA RIVOJLANISH TARIXI............................................................................................................. 4

I BOB. QUSHLAR SINFINING UMUMIY TAVSIFI..................................................... 15

1.1. Tayanch-muskul tizimi............................................................................. 15

1.2. Teri hosilalari......................................................................................... 19

1.3. Qushlaming ovqat hazm qilishtizimi........................................................... 23

1.4. Nafas olish tizimi..................................................................................... 26

1.5. Qon aylanish tizimi.................................................................................. 27

1.6. Ayirish a’zolari........................................................................................ 29

1.7. Qushlaming jinsiy a’zolari......................................................................... 31

1.8. Nerv tizimi va sezgi a’zolari...................................................................... 32

1.9. Hayot sharoitining mavsumiy o‘zgarishiga nisbatan qushlaming reaksiyasi ..... 34

1.10. Qushlar sistematikasi............................................................................. 44

1.11. Qushlaming kelib chiqishi va evolyutsiyasi................................................. 47

1.12. Qushlaming ekologik gumhlari................................................................. 51

1.13. Qushlaming tarqalishi............................................................................. 54

1.14. Zoogeografik oblastlar omitofaunasi......................................................... 55

1.15. Qushlaming soni va uning dinamikasi....................................................... 59

II BOB. QUSHLARNING FIZIOLOGIK VA EKOLOGIK XUSUSIYATLARI ........................ 68

2.1. Qushlaming qumqlikda harakatlanishi....................................................... 68

2.2. Suzish va sho‘ng‘ish............................................................................... 69

2.3. Uchish.................................................................................................. 70

2.4. Oziqlanish biologiyasi.............................................................................. 72

2.5. Oziqlanish fiziologiyasi............................................................................ 74

2.6. Qushlar organizmida suv-tuz almashinuvi.................................................. 77

2.7. Nafas olish va gazlar almashinuvi............................................................. 80

2.8. Kimyoviy va fizikaviy termoregulyatsiya.................................................... 82

2.9. Qushlar xatti-harakatining ekologik xususiyatlari........................................ 85

2.10. Signalizatsiya va aloqa.......................................................................... 87

2.11. Qushlaming analizatorlar tizimi va fazoda moTjal olishi.............................. 90

III BOB. QUSHLAR HAYOTIDAGIDAVRIY HODISALAR............................................. 100

3.1. Kunlik va mavsumiy ritmlar.................................................................... 100

3.2. Qushlarda ko‘payishning boshqarilishi...................................................... 103

3.3. Tullash fiziologiyasi va boshqarilishi......................................................... 105

3.4. Qushlaming ko‘payishi va rivojlanishi....................................................... 109

3.5. Qushlaming tullashi............................................................................... 118

3.6. Qushlar migratsiyasi. Migratsiyani o‘rganishusullari.................................... 123

IV BOB. AMALIY ORNITOLOGIYA....................................................................... 134

4.1. Qushlaming tabiatdagi ahamiyati............................................................ 134

4.2. Qushlar va aviatsiya.............................................................................. 138

4.4. Qushlar va ovchilik xo‘jaligi.................................................................... 149

4.5. Ixtiofag qush turlari va ulaming ahamiyati................................................ 157

4.6. Qushlar va qishloq xo‘jaligi..................................................................... 160

4.7. Qushlar va shahar ekologiyasi................................................................. 164

4.8. Qushlaming xatti-harakatini boshqarish masalalari..................................... 169

V BOB. QUSHLARNING MUHOFAZA QILINISHI....................................................... 181

5.1. Qushlami va ulaming yashash muhitlarini muhofaza qilish masalalari............ 181

5.2. 0‘zbekiston “Qizil kitobUga kiritilgan qushlaming muhofazalanishi................. 188

5.3. Qushlami muhofaza qilishda xalqaro hamkorlik.......................................... 190

5.4. Qushlami muhofaza qilish sohasidagi muammolar va yechimlar..................... 195

TERMINLAR IZOHI............................................................................................. 201

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR.......................................................................... 207